The Leadership Of A Servant Leader - 1474 Words

Introduction: There are many ways that a person can lead. Some lead in an organization that creates entertainment. Others may lead in a small household that provides services. In Boeing, sound processes need to be put in place for an organization to be successful. Furthermore, organization justice needs to be employed and a suitable mission statement adopted to signify the organizational goal. However, the success of the organization amplifies when a servant leader is leading. A servant leader not only understands the importance of the process in an organization, but also understand that the people in the organization are what drives the organizational success. The servant leader understands that organizational behavior influences†¦show more content†¦It is the world’s largest aerospace company and leading manufacturer of commercial jetliner and defense, space and security systems. The management of the company has many bright and intelligent individual. It is also widely known that the Boeing Company carries a solid fundamental Theory X approach to doing business in the aerospace industry. The extreme emphasis on process was from the influence of William Edwards Deming where quality results are measured by productivity. Although it is widely successful, there is room for additional improvements. According to Jerald Greenberg (Greenberg 2013) that learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior occurring as a result of experience (p.84). For Boeing Company to take the organization to the next level, it’ll need to adapt the Theory Y approach in dealing with individuals. In addition, leaders at the helm of the perennially great companies all share a common trait called humility (Lennick et al, p.19). It is from this unique trait that improves employee’s work-related attitudes. Furthermore, the organization commitment to the employees garner their trust and elevate their relational contracts to the company. It is important for an organization to build a better long lasting culture. A culture that emphasizes on developing moral skills. There has been an increasing number of organization realizing the performance benefits of emotional intelligence (LennickShow MoreRelatedServant Leadership As A Servant Leader778 Words   |  4 PagesATT executive, coined the term servant leadership. Slightly more than three decades later, the concept of servant leadership is increasingly viewed as an ideal leadership form in which organizations are aspiring to achieve. Many people think of servant and leader as being opposite roles, when in fact they can coexist, and more and more executives are looking toward this new way of leading. Following is a list of qualities that are necessary in being a servant leader. 1) Humility †¢ Humility can beRead MoreServant Leadership As A Servant Leader1620 Words   |  7 PagesServant Leadership As written in the lines above, employee engagement has a significant impact on an employee and their engagement. Although there has been many articles and research written about leadership and servant leadership, in this study, it will provide and overview, key traits and influences that servant leaders use in collaboration to address significant problems with strategy and other individuals. Therefore, how do managers and leaders facilitate the engagement of their employeesRead MoreServant Leadership : A Servant Leader981 Words   |  4 PagesHistorically, servant leadership has been one of the most applicable theory used to describe a person s or an organization act of service. In which most can state it brought about improving the quality of people s lives. Highly respected servant leaders that people honored and admired such as Gandhi, Mother Teresa, and Martin Luther King, Jr., has earned their glorious name as a faithful servant leader because they removed obstacles from peop le s path by bringing about social changes (NahavandiRead MoreServant Leadership As A Servant Leader904 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Servant leadership has the ability to enhance individual lives, create better organizations and provide a world where everyone’s cares according to Robert Greenleaf (Greenleaf). The purpose of this paper is to introduce servant leader operational philosophy to the organization to maximize the capacity of the company’s performance with the ability to strengthen personnel growth from the lower to the upper level employees. By implementing this philosophy, the outcome is extremely positiveRead MoreServant Leadership : The Servant Leader902 Words   |  4 PagesServant Leadership The Servant is a motivating, influential, empowering, and informative book. Just from the title, it seems so simple; a servant leader is someone in a leadership position that serves other. Yes, this is one small part of what servant leadership stands for, but there are many more components that shape a servant leader. Hunter (2012) states â€Å"Anyone wanting to be a leader must first be a servant. If you want to lead you must serve (p.71).† Being a leader is defined as positivelyRead MoreLeadership Of A Servant Leader Essay1211 Words   |  5 Pages1. Leadership is maximizing team output through shared goal setting, accountability and support. 2. Leadership influences during my career come from the highest end culinary â€Å"servant leaders† from all four military services, the White House, Department of Homeland Security and civilian catering companies. On the contrary, these were not the â€Å"leadership term of the day† servant leaders (bosses who try to serve the people who work for them). These are servants whom, thru a life of service, now leadRead MoreThe Leadership Of A Servant Leader885 Words   |  4 Pages Servant leadership is crucial in any form of leadership. Some would even argue that servant leadership is the best form of leadership. When the topic of servant leadership arises, there is one name that stands out amongst the greats: Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi was known for his quiet, servantly form of leadership that had an immense impact on the world. It is said that Gandhi was the greatest servant leader in history, second only to Christ. In order to see the leadership of this man, the story Read MoreServant Leadership Characteristics Of A Servant Leader881 Words   |  4 Pagesthe broadest sense, a servant leader is one who leads others with the mindset of a servant. The primary motivation of a servant leader is to provide encouragement and facilitation in others by treating them as an ends in themselves rather than as a means to an ends. A servant leader values the people he or she leads by sharing power and enabling others to develop and flourish (Waterman, 2011). Waterman’s (2011) study found the following: The expression of servant leadership characteristics in serviceRead MoreServant Leadership : A Good Leader1447 Words   |  6 PagesServant Leadership The terms servant and leader are typically thought of as being contradictory terms. However, the theory of servant leadership has started gaining more and more notoriety over the last several years. Many organizations are learning that the management and leadership styles of the past are no longer inspiring or influencing the workers of today (Hunter, 1998). Servant leadership combines being able to identify and meet the needs of employees and patients by using the characteristicsRead MoreServant Leadership : A Good Leader1442 Words   |  6 PagesServant Leadership The terms servant and leader are typically thought of as being contradictory terms. However, the theory of servant leadership has started gaining more and more notoriety over the last several years. Many organizations are learning that the management and leadership styles of the past are no longer inspiring or influencing the workers of today (Hunter, 1998). Servant leadership combines being able to identify and meet the needs of employees and patients by using the characteristics

Adoption For Prospective Or Current Parents - 1241 Words

Adoptive Parents Adoptive parents share in the joys of parenthood, which may also include challenges that impact their family dynamic. However, the reasons for adopting a child vary among couples, with a central one being infertility, but can include a desire to care for orphans. Therefore, couples might approach the subject of adoption with a bittersweet mentality, particularly if the natural ability to conceive is the issue. The choices concerning adoption for prospective or current parents are not light in nature, including, but not limited to, finances, the type of adoption, and selecting a lawyer or agency. Receiving professional counseling before finalizing a decision is also beneficial. Aside from the technical aspects, there is the raising of a child that will entail explanations of why there are noticeable differences between him and her and other family members, along with recognizing difficult transitional periods the child might encounter (Pertman, 2011, pp. 169-170). Thus, adoptive parents have distinct concerns they will encounter, with one being grieving the inability of having biological children, as well as childrearing issues. Adoptees An adoptee represents a person who is not raised by the woman that gave birth to him or her, which may also exclude the birth father. He or she is part of a unique, yet, similar group of individuals that have differing experiences concerning being adopted. Similar to the other parties in the triad who experience joysShow MoreRelatedPregnancy Related Expenses, $ 0- $ 10000986 Words   |  4 Pages300. (Independent Adoption Center). Of course there are reasons for these fees. There are good reasons for the fees that accrue during the adoption process. Adoption agencies are fully equipped with well-educated social workers to provide counseling for the adoptive parents and the biological parents due to the emotionally grueling process, and also to complete the home studies to ensure that the homes are emotionally and physically safe for the children joining the prospective families. AdditionalRead MoreSynthesis Essays1243 Words   |  5 PagesGay/Lesbian Families Adoption is an extremely sensitive subject,(insert dash) especially for individuals who are Gay or Lesbian. There is much controversy on the topic. There are a variety of ways to which it isn’t possible for a couple to adopt. Infertility is becoming a greater problem in our time. In Gerald P. Mallon’s article, â€Å"Assessing Lesbian and Gay Prospective Foster and Adoptive Families: A Focus on the Home Study Process,† in 2007. He introduces a few different ways gay men and lesbianRead MoreEssay On Foster Care In Texas820 Words   |  4 PagesCounty) From: Preetha Swamy, LMSW Date: September 25th, 2017 Subject: Disastrous Impacts of Current State Policies on Foster Care Youth in Texas The foster care system in Texas is broken and policies like SB-4 and HB-3859 continue to fracture the system even more. The high volume of children entering into the system and the substantial number of caseloads for social workers are exacerbated by the current policies. It is our job as policymakers and policy analysts to address this issue so that ALLRead MoreOpen Adoption : A Growing Trend1440 Words   |  6 PagesOpen Adoption: A Growing Trend in the U.S. In the last four decades, the concept of the American family has undergone a radical transformation, reflecting society s growing openness. Among all segments of society, there is a greater acceptance of a variety of family structures from single parenting to blended families to same sex parenting of children. The introduction of openness into the process of adoption offers new opportunities for children in need of a parent or parents and prospective parentsRead MoreAccounting Principles And Its Impact On Accounting1210 Words   |  5 Pagesentity to another. Two approaches to reporting accounting changes are retrospective and prospective. When using the retrospective approach, all financial statements issued in prior years are revised to reflect the impact of the change so that all statements are prepared on the same basis. The prospective approach requires no modification of previous statements, only implementing the change for the current and future years. Changes in Principle Most changes happen because companies must make estimatesRead MoreAdoption Research Paper1556 Words   |  7 PagesOpen Adoption: A Growing Trend in the U.S. In the last four decades, the concept of the American family has undergone a radical transformation, reflecting society ¡Ã‚ ¯s growing openness. Among all segments of society, there is a greater acceptance of a variety of family structures  ¨C from single parenting to blended families to same sex parenting of children. The introduction of openness into the process of adoption offers new opportunities for children in need of a parent or parents and prospectiveRead MoreAdoption Outline1472 Words   |  6 PagesOutline Adoption in the U.S. I. INTRODUCTION A. (attention grabber): According to www.adoptionfacts.org, Approximately 140,000 children are adopted by American families each year. B. (thematic statement): Today we are going to inform you about adoption in the United States. C. (establish significance/credibility): According to www.childrensrights.org , The majority (42 percent) of children currently in foster care waiting to be adopted were removed from their parents or caretakersRead MoreAdoption Application And Pay An Application Fee1512 Words   |  7 Pagesgetting adopted? While adoption requirements can vary by state, most states have the same basic requirements in place. First, a person looking to adopt must fill out an adoption application and pay an application fee. These applications are then reviewed by a local adoption agency or government agency. These applications can get quite personal and typically ask for personal information about the applicant s work history, family history, medical history, religious affiliations, current home life situationRead More800,000 people in UK have been adopted and it is reckoned that millions of others are affected by2200 Words   |  9 Pagesothers are affected by adoption. Adoption became legal in En gland and Wales in 1926. In some European countries there is practically no adoption. With exception of Indonesia, Malaysia, Somalia, Tunisia and Turkey, laws of most Muslim-majority states do not currently permit legal adoption. Islamic law does not even recognize the concept of adoption. In US 14% of adoptions are by relatives, whereas most adopters in Britain are people formerly unknown to the child. The Adoption and Children Act 2002Read MoreSocial Work Reflection1338 Words   |  6 Pageslearned in this field is that one will have to deal with all types of people and their different personalities and behaviors. In my current position as a foster care social worker, I have been disrespected as a worker by biological parents, foster parents, and kinship parents. I address this challenge by communicating with the individual (client, foster parent, or kinship parent) that in order for me to provide services effectively, our relationship must have mutual respect and show dignity and worth of

The Social Network in the Business- Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Incorporating the Social Network in the Business. Answer: The project was performed on the advantages and disadvantages of incorporating the social network in the business. Social network within the business is an important subject for gaining the information. Any student after learning this course can implement the facts in their life when they will set up a business or will work for any business in future. The two assignments also dealt with the scope and objectives with the respective research questions on the topic. This assignment basically focuses on the reflection of what I faced and learned during the progression of the assignments. The reflective journal helps in enhancing the inner feeling of an individual who has conduct the research on the topic of advantages and disadvantages of social network in business. The writing of reflective journal helps the individual to write about the situation he faced and the things he learned in the course of the learning project. I have confronted many challenges as well as success during the project conduction period. I have also gained the learning experience as the scope of the subject was vast and it is very much future oriented. The project helps me to identify the factors that influence the present ongoing trend in business. It also helped me to develop the analysing power as I analysed the advantages as well as disadvantages of social network incorporating in business. It also helped me to develop the power of critical thinking as all the advantages and disadvantages have been critically reviewed by me. The project also helped me to understand the business circumstances and how to conduct social networking in business. The scope of the second assessment also helped me to lay insight on the positive awareness as well as consciousness among the people for conducting business with the help of incorporating social networking in it. The learning experience was quite useful as it will help me in future. Further the conducting way of the research is clear to me. Therefore the learning experience is quite useful to me as I was able to learn new things of conducting the research proposal and that to on a significant topic. The value of the learning experience is also vital. The project helps me to learn how to perform the data collection method. During the data collection I followed both the primary as well as secondary data collection method. The primary data collection is done on the basis of research which is conducted through an online survey for obtaining the opinion of the staffs. The primary data collection helped me to learn of how to get the data practically data. This learning experience added the value of collecting the data as well as researching them. The secondary data collection helped me to search the appropriate articles regarding the topic. In all I gained more experiences in researching and thus it help in increasing the value of the learning experience. The course and the program were preparing the research proposal on the advantages and the disadvantages of social networking in the business. This program can help in the future career. I thing the knowledge can be very well transfer for future. The knowledge of data collection is very significant. The formulation of the research design and the methodology is significant which can be applied in the future. The topic itself is so vast that the knowledge of it can help me in future. These insights can be used in the future in the practical field for gaining maximum competitive advantage in the business. The learning process has one of the main objectives of making me understand how to conduct a research proposal. I have seen the way of conducting the research as taught by the professors. I read the articles and the journals when I was doing the secondary data collection as well as during the reviewing of the literature. This helped me getting the required knowledge about the subject which will help me in future In this particular reflective learning practice I have done a lot about how social networking can be extremely useful for business research purposes. In the course of my learning I came to know how social networking can be the post to the evolving business practices and how it can benefit the new entrepreneurs. The primary objective of this research was to identify the factors that can influence preset business trends. Along with that typically analyse the disadvantages of using social networking in business. And finally to string together a set of recommending solutions to overcome any limitations that might be presented for using social network in the business purposes. Here I will have to mention that social networking is one of the most effective and most cost efficient method of publicity and promotional activities that a business process or organisation can adapt. In the overview of research we have found out that social networking is one of the most prevalent public relation t echnique that is to dominating the market in the current age. And the organisation who does not have affected and captivating social presence on the Internet, has no hopes of sustaining in this cost of competitive market. Latest review section we have discovered how Facebook Instagram and Twitter is the major social platforms that provides direct connection to the customer base. By utilising this platforms in a negligible amount of money when compared to conventional marketing techniques, allows a brand or a business organisation to be connected to which customer base 24*7. And I have learnt significantly how having just efficient am devoted to evolving and enriching the social presence on these public Internet interfaces can boost the growth and reputation of the business company succinctly. Moreover I have also learnt in the process there are some disadvantages to social networking in business propagandas as well. For example this research technique clearly articulated to me how n egative feedback and personal buyers from the end of the miffed customers K seriously affect the reputation and prosperity of an organisation or a particular bag brand in the market. Has an organisation will have to be at constant watch to ensure that the inevitable negative publicity can be dealt with easily and effectively. Honour concluding note I will say that this learning process has been a great cognitive and explorative opportunity for me to understand the basics of business research and how social networking as a concept can benefit the business processes. Furthermore I have learn how to connect my knowledge with my own ideas and articulate a response that is best fit in the situation that I am provided with. Hence I can see if we conclude that future situations where I will have to make a critical decision related to my business organisation I will be able to conduct a reasonable and logical Research and and paste on the findings I will be able to conceptualize a critical decision based on the knowledge games and my own perceptions on the given challenging situation. Bibliography: Aral, S., Dellarocas, C. and Godes, D., 2013. Introduction to the special issuesocial media and business transformation: a framework for research.Information Systems Research,24(1), pp.3-13. Coffing, D. and Bonfiglio, L., 2017.Transaction system for business and social networking. U.S. Patent 9,600,674. De-Marcos, L., Domnguez, A., Saenz-de-Navarrete, J. and Pags, C., 2014. An empirical study comparing gamification and social networking on e-learning.Computers Education,75, pp.82-91. Jussila, J.J., Krkkinen, H. and Aramo-Immonen, H., 2014. Social media utilization in business-to-business relationships of technology industry firms.Computers in Human Behavior,30, pp.606-613.

School Centre Number Essay Example

School Centre Number Essay My aim is to carryout my own research in order to decide which potato crisp snack should be produced and identify the most appropriate marketing mix to successfully introduce and launch it. Plan of Action: I have broken up my coursework into 20 separate tasks that I will perform over a period of 7 weeks Week 1: We will write a custom essay sample on School Centre Number specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on School Centre Number specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on School Centre Number specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer 1) Firstly I am going to construct a title page. The title Page will have the Title; The introduction and launch of a new Potato Crisp snack. I will include my name, my candidate number and the School centre number for Aquinas. 2) Next I will construct a page with the my aim, which is to carry out my own research into the potato crisp snack, to develop the correct marketing mix etc 3) After that I will draw up a plan of action; a detailed, step-by-step layout of what I will do in my coursework and when I will do it 4) Subsequently I will make a list of how I will contact each manufacturer/ advertising company. 5) I will then state and explain why I chose the methods I did to contact the manufacturers Week 2: 6) I will assemble a list of manufacturers and advertising companies to write to, to get the information regarding the marketing of the potato crisp snack. 7) I will contact the companies/ advertising companies on the list to get the information needed, using methods such as email. 8) From the information I receive I will sort out the relevant and irrelevant information Week 3: 9) I will briefly describe the marketing mix. Then I will analyse the product, the price, the promotion and the place, regarding the marketing of the potato snack. 10) I shall summarise the information that I receive from the manufacturers and advertising companies. 11) I will now point out the advantages of using a questionnaire, and give an example of such a questionnaire. Reasons why a questionnaire is a useful option for gathering marketing information, in comparison to other methods, will also be included. I will also include a method to use for sampling Week 4: 12) I will explain the reason behind the questions in my questionnaire 13) I will then place these results in a database 14) The results form the questionnaire will be explained, and the effect they have on the marketing of the snack 15) At this point I will analyse advertising costs, using the information that I have gathered Week 5: 16) I will then compose a spreadsheet showing the advertising costs. I will analyse the spreadsheet, (Also pointing out the usefulness of using spreadsheets and other I.C.T technology and its advantages). Week 6: 17) I will construct a conclusion, to back up my analysis, and an evaluation relating to my initial aim. 18) I will make recommendations for the future on how this product could be developed/ improved Week 7: 19) I will write up a bibliography of references used in this assignment. 20) Finally, I will put together an appendix of letters. Emails that I sent and/or received and a draft of the questionnaire I used in my survey. I shall also include any other relevant information gathered The Marketing Mix: The Marketing Mix is made up of four factors; Product Price Promotion Place Product: Products are the goods and/ or services provided to customers by businesses and are defined as the commodity, which the business is offering for sale. Each product has a life cycle and goes through six Separate Stages; Research and development Introduction or launch Growth Maturity Saturation Decline 1) Research and Development: A company would carry out research and development before a product is ever sold or even produced. A prototype could possibly be made to test how effective the product is. Here, no profit is made so the development of the product can prove very expensive for the business, depending on how long this stage lasts. 2) Introduction or Launch At this stage, the producers focus on the marketing and promotion of the product(s). Depending on how much the customers want it, sales could be slow, and profit still may not be achieved, as the costs of research and development will still have to be paid. 3) Growth Sales increase and previous expenses will start to be covered at this stage. Profits will grow, as the product would have gained a place in the market. Competition can be an big issue to a business at this stage. 4) Maturity By now the product would have fully established a place in the market. Sales levels will be maintained; competition is a concern at this stage, but not to the extent that it was at the stage of Growth. 5) Saturation This is when sales are at their maximum. No new customers can be found so profits cannot increase. New competitors are no longer a threat. 6) Decline At this stage, product sales have fallen and therefore it is either less or un-profitable. The product is taken off the market. A second product is then prepared to replace the old one. The length of the products life cycle usually depends on the product itself. Some strategies are used to extend the products life cycle, e.g.: * Reducing the price to attract more sales; * Altering the packaging to give a more persuasive image; * Exporting the product to aim at a wider market; Legal constraints have been passed in order to protect the consumer and ensure high quality of the products they purchase, e.g.: * Sale and Supply of Goods and Services Act 1994 * Consumer Protection Act * Food Safety Order 1991 Price: Depending on the type of product being sold, there are many pricing policies that a business might use to sell it: * Market Led * Cost based * Skimming * Penetration * Destruction Pricing Market Led- This accepts the price the competitors are charging for a product and prices it similarly to them Cost Based This is a simple formula of: Total Costs + Profit Sales Skimming This is when a product is placed at a high price, as there is no competition initially. This technique is usually used with a new and/or unique product. Penetration This is when a product is priced low in order to break into a competitive market and attract regular costumers. Used for a product with a lot of competition. Initial price will not always make a profit for the business. Price will be increased when product has a steady place in the market. Destruction Pricing Is usually a technique by large companies to put smaller establishments out of business; Price is reduced dramatically to lure the competitors customers from them and put them out of business. Markets may also engage in a Price wars When this happens some companies drop prices to secure sales and encourage purchases of other products. There are many factors that will affect the price of a product, and it is imperative for a business to sell their product at a price that will cover all the expenses in manufacturing it, such as: * Cost of production * Profit making * Competition * Price the Market could bear * Season of the year * Quantity of stock held Demand in pricing is defined as the quantity of goods which will be bought at a given price. There are many factors that would affect the demand for products e.g.: * The price being charged for the goods by the business * Customers tastes/ interests * Potential customers level of income * Price of other goods * Advertising * Credit rates Promotion: Promotion is the Process by which a company inform potential or existing customers about their products and encourage them to buy those products. Methods of Promotion: Sponsorship, Public relations, Advertising and Sales promotion are all methods of promotion: * Sponsorship; e.g. of sporting events, charity events or school events, where the business gives said event a set amount of capital, and n exchange they display the name o the business, a new product etc. * Public relations; Is when the publics awareness of the company is raised and the company is seen as generous, e.g. contributing cash to famine relief or war-torn areas * Advertising; Is usually used o introduce a new product and encourage sales, it can also be used o remind the pubic about an existing product and boost falling sales, if a business is struggling in a certain segment of the market, advertising can be used to boost sales in that particularly area, to target a new segment of the market, or to provide information about new/ existing products or events * Sales promotion; This is used to persuade the customer to purchase the product. Examples of sales promotion could be; Offers, (like buy one get one free), Discounts (10% off etc) Free samples with things like food, Loss leaders (reducing price of a product to boost initial, or falling sales even if a temporary loss to the company is likely) Free gifts with the product, (e.g. cars and free insurance, Mac Donalds adding toys to happy meals etc) ; Price reductions ; Coupons/ Vouchers ; After sales Service (E.g. servicing deals for cars, guarantees etc Place: Getting the goods to a place where they are going to sell most successfully. This means that manufacturers must consider not just where to sell their product to maximise profit, but also how to get the product to that place in good condition. They must take into account: * The most appropriate sales outlet for that product * The most appropriate channel of distribution to use * The most appropriate method of transportation for that particular product. Decisions about the type of sales outlet to use will depend on the type and value of the goods being sold and the socio-economic or cultural class of the area E.g. there is no point in placing very expensive goods in a poor area where people could not afford to buy them. There are four main parties in distribution: * Manufacturer/ Producer * Wholesaler * Retailer * Consumer To gather my information, I decided to contact the leading potato crisp distributors in Northern Ireland; Walkers, Tayto and KP. I also gather information on advertising costs on the U.T.V Website. The reason I chose Walkers, Tayto and KP respectively is that they are the three biggest producers of potato crisps, and the reson I chose to research advertising costs on UTV is that it has the greatest penetration though out Northern Ireland. With n impressive 34% of peak rime viewing being UTV and a 100% coverage in Northern Ireland I was only able to receive information form Walkers, Tayto an UTV. I have examined Taytos and Walkers information using the 4 Ps: Product: Taytos information about their products is collected by a marker research company that they employ called A. C. Nielsen C. Ltd. This information is then used to support them with their marketing strategies. An example of how this works in practice would be a situation like; if Tayto are aware of an increase in demand for a particular flavour of crisp, they may choose to promote their own brand in order to raise their share of this particular part (or segment) of the market. Tayto also use a method involving school children. This involves the children filling out questionnaires etc after trying some of the products that Tayto have to offer. The questionnaires can relate to flavour, texture etc of the potato snack being tested. Tayto have a third method of market research also; when they give out factory tours, the tourists are given a free sample of a snack and asked to give their opinion, this method is particularly good at the launch of a new product. Walkers do not hire external businesses to conduct theyre research, they have an internal Research and Development Department. This department talks to the customers regularly to identify what is important to them, or what changes they would like to be made etc, and then implement the findings with their products and factories. The Research and Development Department work closely with the Marketing and Sales Department to make sure that all developments benefit the customer and the business. Consumer testing is a very significant part of theyre research. Once Walkers have identified an opportunity in the market for a new product, research and development is given a brief to develop this product. They will conduct consumer testing to determine the optimum texture, flavour, size, colour etc of the snack. Testing several to identify the consumers preference does this. Once the final product has been tested and approved by a panel of customers, Research and Development will define how it can be produced in the factory. Marketing carry out final consumer testing prior to launch, which includes product and packaging design preference. Price The cost of the raw materials, packaging and overheads determines the price that Tayto need to charge for their products. Other factors, which influence the price of a product, are competitors price and the target market. If the target market is the adult population, the price of the product may be higher and Tayto will be able to spend more on packaging and advertising the product, however, if the product is to be targeted at children, the price will be lower and Tayto will have to spend less on packaging and advertising. Walkers claim to keep their products at a high quality and competitive price by leveraging. They do this by buying large quantities of raw materials, which enables them to negotiate competitive prices. The savings are re-invested into the business and passed on to the customer. The Finance Department at Walkers are responsible for ensuring Walkers manufacture and sell their products at the lowest cost possible. Promotion: Tayto use a variety of ways to promote their products e.g. advertising Agencies, which are used for promotions on television, radio, newspapers and billboards. Television advertising is very expensive but you can reach millions and target people who watch particular programmes, for example, by six thirty pm on a Thursday evening 75% of adults will have viewed UTV and 1.3 million people in Northern Ireland watch UTV each week. Radio is cheaper and you can still target listeners of particular programmes, but it is sound only and audiences are usually smaller. Newspapers know a lot about their readership so it is easy to target effectively and will often be read more than once by more than one person. Tayto have also developed other forms of advertising; they have product tasting in stores where customers get to try their products, (new or existing), they sponsor many charitable/ sporting events, they offer tours of the, Tayto castle, where customers get to see where and how theyre product is made and receive free samples. They also employ promotional vehicles to transport theyre goods, e.g. lorries with the smiling face of, Mr. Tayto, on the side, Vending machines with the same corporate symbol and they have advertising on the internet also. Different methods of advertising are used at various times of the year, for example, Tayto focus on outdoor advertising during March to September. The advertising methods at this time are billboards, shows and exhibitions for example, The Agricultural Show at Balmoral. From September to March however, advertising is focused on indoors such as TV, radio and sampling within stores. All other types of advertising and promotions are still carried on throughout the year and at different times Tayto use promotions like 2 for 1 offers and 50% extra free to entice customers. Walkers have used the famous footballer Gary Lineker, to promote their products for many years now, and once changed theyre salt and vinegar crisp packaging to read Salt and Lineker They picked Gary Lineker because he is one of Britains favourite celebrities, he is an ex-Leicester City football player and Walkers are also sponsors of the Leicester City Football Club. Walkers use other means of advertising such as radio, cinema and posters. Walkers Doritos are Sponsors of the ITV Movie Premiere, which communicates with a mass market. Walkers recognise the importance of working alongside retailers of all sizes to ensure snacks gain the visibility needed to drive sales. Savoury snacks are often bought on impulse therefore, good merchandising is very important I also obtained the advertising costs on U.T.V via their website in the form of a table of sample costs by length for advertising on UTV. TIME BAND PROGRAMMES ADULT TVR 10 20 30 0930-1729 Jeremy Kyle This Morning ITV Lunchtime News Kids Time 3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½200 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½250 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300 1730-1800 UTV Live 6 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½370 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½500 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½620 1801-1859 ITV News 14 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½850 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1150 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1450 1900-1959 Mon,Wed,Fri Emmerdale Coronation Street 25 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1500 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2500 1929-1959 Tue and Thur UTV Local Programmes 12 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½730 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½980 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1220 2000-2159 The Bill 14 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½850 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1150 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1450 2200-2229 Rosemary and Thyme Poirot 8 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½480 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½650 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½820 2230-2330 ITV News 5 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½310 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½410 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½510 This is a standard day-to-day sample table of costs for advertising however there are many other factors that can affect the cost of advertising on television, e.g. Time of year. Also when it comes to advertising on television, there are many factors that a business must consider when advertising. Target audience is a huge factor in television advertising costs, this is also linked to time of day and possibly even time of year, for example if the advertisement is aimed at school kids, advertising during the morning or early afternoon, would be a waste of money as although the advertising cost is less, most of the children who the advertisement is aimed at would be in school. I also acquired a diagram of the penetration of UTV in Northern Ireland: Place: Tayto use their own fleet of Vans and Lorries to distribute their products from the manufacturer to the retailer and to the wholesaler. They also supply directly to the consumer using vending machines, this is also a clever method of advertising as the vans are marked externally with Taytos name and corporate symbol (Mr. Tayto) Tayto also supply their products through the internet where they get hundreds of orders from America and Japan requesting their crisps. Walkers products are produced at six factories, which are located throughout the UK and reach the customers via seven distribution centres located throughout the country. Walkers products are transported around their distribution network 24 hours a day and then on to the customer by a fleet of more than two hundred vehicles. Walkers employ approximately 400 staff who are responsible for the sales in supermarkets, newsagents, independent grocers and petrol forecourts. Walkers help retailers to increase their sales by giving advice on products and the range of display equipment available. This can maximise the impact on the customer therefore increasing the sales of the products. Questionnaire: Please tick only one answer box on each of the following questions; Or fill in answer where necessary in the spaces provided: Please insure your answers are honest and accurate, to the best of your knowledge 1) To what age bracket do you belong? 5-10 11-20 21-30 31- 45 46-60 60 and over 16.6% 16.6% 16.6% 16.6% 16.6% 16.6% 2) What Gender are you? Male Female 50% 50% 3) Do you eat Potato Crisp Snacks? Yes No 100% 0% If your answer to previous question was, no, please do not fill out any more questions. 4) How often would you say you eat potato crisp snacks? Everyday 19.4% 3-5 times a week 33.4% 2-3 times a week 27.8% Once a week 19.4% Other 0% 5) What is your preferred potato crisp brand? Tayto? 44.4% Walkers 16.8% KP 27.8% Golden Wonder? 5.5% Doritos 5.5% Other 0% 6) What is your preferred potato crisp flavour? Salt and vinegar 22.2% Cheese and onion 16.7 Smoky Bacon 11.1% Roast Chicken 8.3% Steak and onion 5.6% Prawn Cocktail 8.3% Chilli 11.1% Cheese 5.6% Sour Cream and Onion 11.1% Other 7) Which size of potato Crisp container would you be more likely to purchase? Large, Multi-pack bag(s) 33.3% Medium, single sale bag(s) 33.3% Large, single sale bag(s) 22.2% Small Cardboard Tube(s) 8.4% Large Cardboard tube(s) 2.8% Other 0.0% 8) What are your favourite shapes/ types of Crisp? Regular 50.0% Crinkle/ Rough cut 25.0% Round 2.7% Puffs 13.9% French fries 2.7% Other 2.7% 9) Where do you usually buy your crisps? Supermarket 11.1% Vending machine 16.7% Corner store 11.1% Garage 13.8% Other 2.8% 10) What usually motivates you to buy your potato crisps? Impulse 30.6% Health Consciousness 11.2% Offers/ Freebees 19.4% Competitions 11.1% Free Samples 8.3% Celebrity endorsement 2.8% No reason 16.7% Other 0.0% 11) Which media would you respond best too? Television 52.8% Billboards 19.4% Radio 11.1% Movie Theatre 13.9% Newspapers/ Magazines 2.8% Other 0.0% 12) What, in your opinion is a reasonable price for a standard, medium sized, single sale bag of Crisps? 21p 25p 22.1% 26p 30p 11.1% 31p 35p 33.3% 36p 40p 16.7% 41p 45p 2.7% 46p + 11.1% 13) What kind of packaging material do you prefer? Foil 11.1% Paper 11.1% Plastic/ Cellophane 16.7% Cardboard tube 61.1% Other 0.0% 14) Which flavour(s) of crisps would you associate with the following colours? Dark Blue Light Blue? Dark Green Light Green 63% of people related colours Red? to walkers Style of packaging Orange Purple? Pink? Black White Yellow Brown 15) What do you think of new Ideas in crisps? Open and willing to try them 19.44% Weary, would be more likely to buy your usual brand, style or flavour of crisps 80.56% Questionnaire Rationale: Gender? I asked this question to segment my market into equal parts of males and females. To gather stratified and therefore more accurate and relevant information Age? I asked this question to further segment my market. I wanted to ascertain whether, for example, female teenagers eat more crisps than 31-45 year old men; this would effect where and when, and for how much I sell my new product. Do you eat potato crisp snacks? I asked this question to try and determine how big my target market is. How often do you eat potato crisp snacks? I asked this question to find out how popular crisps are, i.e. how many I should aim towards the certain age groups, genders etc. Favourite brand of crisps? I asked this question to determine who the main competitors in the market are, and find out how many people like certain brands. Also I will look into why they like them. Favourite flavour? I asked this question to determine what flavour(s) I would need to make in order for my product to be a success Preferred container? I asked this question to see what container people preferred, as the packaging can greatly influence the buyer for impulse buying etc. Where do you usually buy your crisps? I asked this question to determine place of purchase so I would know what destinations are popular for consumers to buy at; and I would know what types of places to distribute my product. What sales promotion techniques appeal to you? I asked this question to find out what offers appeal to people the most, so that I would have some idea of what works when it comes to promotion. What method of advertising appeals to you the most? I asked this question to determine what method of advertising would entice people the most. How much are you willing to pay for a standard packet of crisps? I asked this question to find out roughly what pricing bracket ideally I would be selling my product at in order to maintain good sales Preferred packaging? I asked this question to find out what colour etc, consumers would like the packaging to be so that I could determine the best packaging for my snack Preferred shape of crisp? I asked this question to ascertain whether crinkled or smooth etc are preferred. This would affect how I make my potato snack, going with the most popular shape in order to boost sales What colours do you associate with certain flavours? I asked this in order to determine what colours I should have certain flavours of my crisps in order to aid the purchase of the product. Are you open to new ideas? I asked this to see if my product is likely to be successful upon launch Conclusion Product From my questionnaire I find that salt and vinegar is the clear favorite when it comes to flavour of crisps. I will therefore make more salt and vinegar than other flavours. The next popular flavours were cheese and onion, chili and sour cream and onion. I will make slightly more of these flavors than the other flavours e.g. smoky bacon, Salt and vinegar 22.2% Cheese and onion 16.7 Smoky Bacon 11.1% Roast Chicken 8.3% Steak and onion 5.6% Prawn Cocktail 8.3% Chilli 11.1% Cheese 5.6% Sour Cream and Onion 11.1% This way, less money will be spent on flavours that wont sell as well e.g. Cheese. The crisps themselves will be sold in mostly multi-packs for large stores and supermarkets and medium single sale bags for shops; these will include a range of flavours in proportion to my results on preferred flavours etc. Foil bags will be the containers as they are the most popular. The other types of packaging will not be produced initially, as more machinery and raw materials will be required to produce it. This will save on cost, an according to my results will maximize sales. However, over time if the product proves successful, the tube and share-size packaging may be produced- but it will only make up a total of no more than 20% of the production, as they are not potentially as great sellers as the medium size single sale and multi-packs. Also, as a small quantity of this packaging will be made, only the flavours, which people preferred with this packaging, will be sold, which will be salt and vinegar, chili, smoky bacon and sour cream and onion. According to the questionnaire, there is no other packaging preferred. However as for the actual colour of the packaging, it will be in correlation to the results of the questionnaire. The majority of people in the questionnaire associated colours with the colours on walkers packaging, I will therefore follow the trend of Walkers colour of packaging as they were the most popular The results are as follows: Cheese and Onion- Yellow Roast Chicken- Orange Ready Salted- Red Prawn Cocktail- Pink Salt and Vinegar- Green Barbecue Beef- Green Smokey Bacon- Brown Pickled Onion- purple The shape of my potato crisp snack will be the traditional shape to begin with, as it is the overall preferred shape and less money will be spent on specialized machinery, which will produce the different shaped snacks; Also, as my product will be new to the market, money will have to be saved to cover the fixed costs. When profits are gained, special editions of the potato crisp snack will be launched, e.g. fries; the flavour of this new shape will be proportional to the amount of people who preferred this shape and a particular flavour, which is salt and vinegar. Depending on the success of the new shape, the product may be sold for a limited time only. The other shapes will be rejected, as they are less preferred, unless future market research proves otherwise. Price The average price of a 35g packet of crisps will be 35p. However, in order to gain entrance into an already existing market I will use penetration pricing. As the results from the questionnaire show, there is very strong competition in the market, with Tayto and Walkers being the leaders. However, I will price my product low enough to attract customers but also to gain enough money to break even. After sales have improved, I will price my product a bit higher to gain more money to allow growth to occur, most probably competitive pricing. Promotion My main methods of promotion will be sales promotion- where the products lower price will be described as special purchases- and advertising. Advertising via television would attract the most customers according to the questionnaire. Through UTV, my product would be advertised between 9.30am and 5.29pm, as that is when the cost is lower, although it would be viewed less than any other time. This will ensure that sales will go up slightly. As advertising on billboards and newspapers is very expensive and, as the questionnaire results show, not as effective as TV, my product would only be promoted that way as my product gains more recognition and more money is coming into the business. Place My product will be sold in corner shops as single packets and in supermarkets as multi-packs. The channel of distribution is as follows: Manufacturer to Retailer to Consumer As my product is new on the market, retailers may not recognize it in wholesalers and therefore I believe it is wiser to advertise it to the retailer directly. However, once my product gains more credibility, it may be sold to wholesalers also. Distribution will be done by vans which will leased by the business, as they are a cheaper than distributing by freight trains and the product will only be sold within the country initially anyway. Sources of information: I used email and the Internet to contact walkers, KP and Tayto, but having only heard back from Tayto and walkers. This was the information I analysed. I also produced 36 identical questionnaires which I distributed to a stratified sample of ages and genders and analysed these results. I analysed all of these results using the four Ps, to great effect, and I also produced an excel spreadsheet of my results for the questionnaire From Tayto I went to the following website: http://www.tayto.com/flash.html From here I opened Contact us/Find us. This was easy to do and proved very effective I also attended a trip to the Tayto castle with my business studies class, wherein we were told lot of useful information about Tayto, and we were also informed about the website I mentioned above, which proved to be of great use in m research. Walkers sent me out information via post, this was also easy as all I had to do was type in my details and the information was sent right to my door. I obtained my information on the advertising costs for U.T.V from: http://www.utvplc.com/advertising.asp?sub=svsublk=avr These methods proved very effective. They were quick and efficient, and although KP did not offer any information, U.T.V Tayto and Walkers information was made very easily accessible to me, so I believe the methods of email and post are the most effective as I was able to put them to great use For advertising, I also contacted some local newspapers and the Belfast Telegraph, but I decided that the most effective form of advertising would be on television (U.T.V) Other sources of information included textbooks such as Business studies By Alan Anderson, and information from My Business Studies Teacher.

Galileo Essays - Copernican Revolution, Galileo Affair,

Galileo Galileo Galilei was one of the most influential men of the Renaissance. He was a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, inventor, and among other things he was a philosopher. He integrated the independent sciences of math and physics, and unified them. The popular view of the public at the time was Aristotle's theory that the Earth is the center of the universe. Galileo stood against that common view and declared to the world that the Earth is not the center. This concept that humans are only a microscopic speck in a boundless universe and are not the center of it frightened many religious leaders. The use of a tool to study the skies was an extreme influence on his position of Copernicus's theory. He was the first to examine space through a functional telescope. From this he condoned Copernicus's theory that the Earth revolves around the Sun. Galileo inflamed several scholars and religious leaders with this ludicrous theory. He obtained approval by the Pope, who was an acquaintance of Galileo, to write about Ptolemy and Copernicus and their concepts of the universe. Galileo was not authorized to account for either principle, for no man can judge how the world is made. In 1632 Galileo introduced his new book to the world which did in fact support the theory of Copernicus, the Earth revolves around the Sun. When the Pope discovered this, he was outraged and instructed a prosecution. The church was afraid to accept his discovery because it would prove that humans are not the central focus and might not be that important in the whole scheme of things. He was forced to recant his statements on his discovery. He did not want to return to a dungeon, so Galileo eventually renounced his theory. His license to write was confiscated and Galileo was ordered to house arrest. There Galileo wrote another book, and discovered numerous ot her things before he perished in 1642 at the age of seventy-seven. Galileo's impact on the beliefs of thousands of people was catastrophic. His ideas generated a persuasive movement of people's feelings on the universe. Galileo feared how people would retaliate to the truth about the universe, since it was contradicting the Bible. He went as far as visiting Rome to plead for the leaders to grant people an opportunity to change their views. Instead the Roman authorities acknowledged the Copernicus writings as false and erroneous. Galileo and Copernicus were both accurate with their theories, and the universal belief that the Earth is the center of the universe will never be the same again. They revolutionized the beliefs of many people. It was difficult for society to grasp as they have only been taught that the Earth is the center and man cannot question it. Galileo completely went against the belief of the church, and proved them wrong. He could have been seen as a nemesis or as a hero. He didn't wish to be either, but he instead just wanted the tr uth to be known. History Essays

How successful is the ending of Rattigans The Browning Version Essay Example

How successful is the ending of Rattigans The Browning Version Essay Example How successful is the ending of Rattigans The Browning Version Paper How successful is the ending of Rattigans The Browning Version Paper Essay Topic: Literature Almost more beautiful than the original-Andrews comment about his own translation of the Agamemnon. This just about sums up The Browning Version- the troubles of a husband struggling with illness and the infidelity of his wife. The Browning Version is the Agamemnon with a twist at the end giving it a very effective anti-climax. The era the play is set in is important to some of the plays points and messages. It is set in post-war Britain sometime around the late 1940s. At this time the country was under rationing and money was very important to the vast majority of the populace. So Taplows stealing of the chocolates at the beginning shows the rationing at the time-he feels bad about taking the second chocolate and puts it back. Public schools were very strict at the time and very backward. They refused to change very much and were very backwards in some cases for example it is never revealed what Taplows first name is; they only called boys by their surnames. This is evident in Andrews conversations the only person he does not call by their surname is his wife, Millie. Also Millies incessant mentioning of her inheritance and her uncle Sir William Bartop is to show that she has money and it is almost a boast. This is her fai ade to improve her social standing and she uses it to imply that she is better off than your average schoolmasters wife. This is evident when the Head says Your wifes remarks had lead me to imagine something a little more extensive. At this time divorce was frowned upon greatly. Divorcees were ostracised completely from society- for example divorcees were not allowed in the royal enclosure at Ascot and even the late Princess Margaret was not allowed to marry a RAF war hero because he was a divorcee. That is why Andrew says he does not want to do Millie a second grave wrong and why they do not even discuss splitting up or divorce. The divorce would ruin all of Millie aspirations of social climbing and joining the aristocracy. The Browning Version is named after a translation of the Agamemnon, written by Aeschylus as one third of the Oresteia, by Robert Browning (1812-1889). This particular book is given to Andrew by Taplow in the play and plays an integral part in the story. The plot itself contains many similarities to the Agamemnon: a cheating wife, the lack of love between the married couple and the death of a husband. To make it even worse in Millies obvious spite for her husband she tells him all the details of many affairs. Andrew is so worn down by this that he is referred to as dead by Millie This is the killing of Andrew by his wife as is in the Agamemnon and he says later I fear it [the manuscript of his version of the Agamemnon] is lost like so many other things. The so many other things refers to the lack of faith in his wife and the lack of love and joy in his marriage. Personally I think that The Browning Version is a version of the Agamemnon with a change of scenery and a twist at the end. Andrew admits that he himself wrote a version of the Agamemnon when he was a teenager in rhyming couplets and says when I had finished it, I remember, I thought it very beautiful almost more beautiful than the original. Almost, but not quite in my opinion Andrew means that you cannot beat the original therefore numbing the success of the ending of The Browning Version. The characters of The Browning Version are very stereotypical of the times and the setting. Crocker-Harris for example is the characteristic draconian old schoolmaster- by the book to the letter and ruthless. He is built up in the short time of the play to give the impression of a disrespected and unlovable man without feeling, fully deserving of the title the Himmler of the lower fifth as bestowed on him by Frobisher. He changes throughout the second half of the play and we as the audience see him to be pleasant, friendly and bullied by his evil wife. This means that the emotions displayed at the end are all the more surprising and cathartic. His history with Millie is outlined in sketchy little facts linked into the conversations. He has always had a stormy marriage and it has never been fulfilled for either party. Millie hints at all the affairs she has had and she has always told Andrew the sordid details. This has worn Andrew down and he is referred to as dead, an utter failure, a Henpecked husband and he is thought to be by Taplow to be all shrivelled up inside like a nut. Again this makes the ending much more emotional. Andrew believes his life is a subject for farce, but in fact he has misread his life and it is more like a tragedy. He also believes that his life is a common occurrence worldwide. Millie is a social climber and is completely evil. She dashes Andrew feelings about the book with a completely evil comment about it being appeasement so that Taplow can get his remove. She is so mean to him to the point of resentment because he cant provide her with what she needs and she is a free spirit. She has to find this kind of love through other channels for example affairs. Frank is typical of young teachers- lively, vigorous and liked by the boys in his care. In the 1994 film version he is made to be American; a rarity in the time period and it makes him even more of a wildcard. But Frank changes over time to regret his actions with Millie and suddenly sees her true colours and recognizes that Andrew is in fact a very admirable person indeed. Taplow the epitome of a schoolboy, a lively character and he recognizes that the Crock is not liked. He notices Andrewss fai ade and sees through it and furthermore admires him for what he is worth. There are two film versions of The Browning Version one made in 1951 by Anthony Asquith, staring Michael Redgrave as Andrew, and a 1994 version directed by Mike Figgis, with Albert Finney in the leading role. Both are very good in their own respects but they both change a good deal in their adaptations. The 1951 version is closer to the original in the plot and setting . The end is similar to the 1994 version with Andrew making a triumphant speech at prize day after Fletcher and providing the several minutes of applause the head master predicted while winning the respect of the boys. The 1994 version is set in a slightly different time but is similar in many ways to the 1951 version. The endings of these are cathartic and the audience goes away feeling very pleased that Andrew has finally done something to please himself and gained the respect of his pupils. On the stage it is kept nicely in a one room set and there are no scene changes making it very compact. It manages to cram a lot of information into a very small time without leaving the audience asking background questions about the play. It leaves the audience pleased that the underdog has come out on top but still asking questions in the backs of their minds about what happens next. The ending is calm and simple compared to the other emotional and physical turmoil of the previous conversations making it very successful in not leaving the audience weary of the characters. The stagecraft is simple and easy to carryout and therefore works to not confuse or change the perspective of the audience. I doubt its effectiveness for a group of teenagers in this modern world of loud music and huge climaxes, but I myself then must be an exception. In their opinion, The Browning Version is very dull, slow and boring play indeed but I actually enjoyed reading this play. It is very effective to the Aunt Ednas of the audience as Terrence Rattigan himself used to call them. The name Edna conjures the image of middle aged women of a certain upbringing and social standing. A tragedy is a play ending with a serious action such as death or defeat in a crescendo of sorrow. The Browning Version almost accomplishes this but accomplishes an anti-climax instead, with the audience expecting the cathartic ending of a tragedy. The tragic themes and motives of The Browning Version are occasionally cut with humour; most of the time provided by Taplow, for example are his golfing skills and his impressions of the Crock. Andrew claims that an anti-climax can be very effective and this is true of The Browning Version in these circumstances. The way the anti climax is executed and the preamble to it makes it a very successful way of ending the play. The ending is kept under wraps in a very simple and straightforward way with the ambiguity of a telephone call, which is very anonymous. At the very end, the meal is almost the picture of an ideal marriage but with a twist of bitterness in the expression on the face of Millie. As The Browning Version is based on a tragedy it could have ended like one, but it does the reverse and finishes in the way you would least expect if you had no knowledge of the play beforehand. If it had ended like a tragedy would likely be less successful in its message and the ending would not mean so much to the audience in the same way. The ending of The Browning Version is a very strange one compared to the other plays I have read or seen, and I find the ending a pleasant surprise. With all things considered, I think the anti-climax is as effective as Andrew claims it to be. Rattigans use of tragedy and anti-climax, and his characters, make the ending of The Browning Version a very good one undeniably.

Caterpillar Currency Issues Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Caterpillar Currency Issues - Case Study Example Shifting currency rates are always a risk to a firm and can lead to the firm incurring many losses. However, by understanding the problem, the business is able to look at the way in which the market can be looked at and come up with solutions (Wihlborg, 2008). In Caterpillar’s case, the firm was able to reverse the adverse effects of a strong dollar by removing these processes, especially production and manufacturing functions to other countries thus neutralizing the transaction risks. This helped the firm to be able to able to overcome the shocks caused by currency exchange rates. This was achieved in two ways as follows; Hedging labour and production costs This can be understood by looking at the actual reason why high dollar values in the 1980s had affected the revenues and profits of Caterpillar. To begin with, since Caterpillar’s manufacturing units were located in the United States only, strong dollar meant that its manufacturing costs would be higher than the man ufacturing costs of its competitors who were outside the United States. As a result, its products would have to be more expensive because when buyers in foreign countries would have to pay more once they converted their lowly valued currencies into American dollars. This meant that Caterpillar’s products could not be competitively priced as compared to those of the competitors. Hedging revenues Manufacturing costs were not the only issue affecting Caterpillar. By taking its manufacturing to other countries, the issues of high dollar value was solved. Not only did the manufacturing costs not get affected by the high US dollar values, but the firms would also be able to source raw materials locally and thus hedge the revenues. According to Delaney and Whittington (2010), this kind of hedging can be important where the firm needs to protect itself from unpredictable currency rates. By manufacturing in foreign countries and sourcing the raw materials in foreign countries, it mean t that the profits margins would be stable because the sales and the profits would be measured by the same foreign currencies. As a result, it can be said that Caterpillar overcomes this issue by localizing its operations in foreign markets rather than having the operations centralised in the US. This, according to Madhuvij (2006) is what is called thinking globally and acting locally. Caterpillar looked at the market from a global perspective because its products have markets in the global arena, but to be effective, the firm had to look at each local market individually. The strategy As identified, Caterpillar used the think global, act local strategy. This is a strategy which is being used by so many global firms which have to contend with so many challenges caused by the very same opportunities caused by a global market. Globalisation has brought opportunities for many forms but has also brought with it challenges which firms must be able to overcome if they are to benefit from the opportunities brought about by globalisation. This is the situation which Caterpillar has found itself in. For firms to be able to benefit from the opportunities brought about by globalization, they have to create strategies which will turn challenges into opportunities. This is what Caterpillar realised and started working towards creating a way to help it overcome its challenges. The validity of the strategy As it is with any business strategy, this strategy may be seen to have both advantages and disadvantages. It is the balance between the advantages and the disadvantages which make a strategy to be either worth it or not. As per the Caterpillar strategy, the main advantage is the fact that distributing its

Type of Leaders Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Type of Leaders - Assignment Example It is clear from the assignment that the lesson plan is appropriately divided into several sections making it very easy to follow. Each activity is described completely. The teacher is given a step-by-step guide. One noticed however that there was no indication of a time frame for each activity suggested. The format of the lesson plan is written in a form that could easily be understood and read through quickly. One thinks that this is a better format than doing it in a narrative form. The sections on References, Instructional Aids, Materials Needed, Equipment Needed and the Learner Preparation are particularly helpful to the instructor. These sections are indeed appropriate in communicating the content of the lesson. The Content Outline is well-done and easy to follow. The lesson plan is logical and very clear. It encourages the students to be critical thinkers and provides them with opportunities to apply the theories they have learned by relating it to the real world. The pop quiz and online leadership assessment attached to the lesson plan will allow the students to express their ideas freely. They will also be able to interpret the information that they just learned. The quiz will promote their reasoning abilities and help them think what kind of leaders they are. Both the quiz and the assessment are adequate closures which will reinforce the learning process. They synthesize the lesson on leadership. In terms of evaluating the learning outcomes for the lesson, one thinks that there are no clearly identified means of assessing the student’s understanding. Although the pop quiz and the leadership assessment may probably help, it is suggested that the plan include a rubric which the teacher may provide the students so that they will know how they will be graded.

Capital Punishment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Capital Punishment - Term Paper Example From the research it can be comprehended that the doctrine of birth and death are the most obvious and the unpredictable events in the Nature. Since time immemorial such has been the nature of occurrence. With the spread of civilizations, the greed and lust of mankind reached an epitome and uncontrolled desire of achievement lead to loss of human values. The seriousness of the degradation leads to crimes, wars, battles and loss of innumerable human life. The concept of punishment came into existence among humans and even life of people was not spared in providing penalty for their ill deeds. The age –old theory of capital punishment was immensely popular among the Phoenicians, Persian, Egyptians, Romans, Greeks, Chinese civilization, where the brutal act of convict prosecution was done by taking away their life. The process of killing was carried out in horrendous fashion, which turned the punishment to be more excruciating. Modes of capital punishment were innovated with diff erent procedures and the shameful act was carried out unremittingly. Ironically the modern era also did portray their interest and used modern technologies to kill the convicts in atrocious manner. Significantly the act of capital punishment was even carried among the juveniles till the last decade, and surprisingly the proclaimed super power developed nations of the world were a part of this severe in-humanitarian policy. Thesis Statement Capital punishment should be abolished from the world and in particular the act of juvenile capital punishment needs to be barred, as this extreme measure does not preclude the miscreants from committing further crimes. Capital punishment: A brief history The history of Capital punishment or death penalty is quite enriched with events and the start of the timeline of capital punishment begins in eighteenth century in Babylon under the regime of King Hammaurabi. The law related to death penalty covered 25 different crimes. Crucifixion, drowning, im palement, beating to death were some of the measures of providing capital punishment. In the sixteenth century, burning, beheading, drawing and quartering carried out executions. 222 crimes were listed under the execution of capital punishment in Britain, which even included mere acts of cutting down a tree. Lingering death was provided to the serious convicts on account of heinous crime where as lesser degree of criminal acts by the convicts resulted in quick and painless death (Introduction to the death penalty, n.d). In China during the medieval period many cases of death through thousand cuts and slow slicing were noted. The colonist in America induced the capital punishment in the state and 12 capital crimes were identified. The range of capital punishment varied across different part of the states. Some of the states provided limited control. The Northern colony limited its use. Idolatry, blasphemy, traitors were dealt under the jurisdiction of capital punishment. In spite of the less enthusiasm followed in some parts of America regarding capital punishment, but the massive colonization in America made capital punishment popular all over the country. The major reason cited for the implementation of capital punishment was to control the rate of occurrence of crime. However in the end of eighteenth century, only incidents of first-degree murders were punished till death. In the southern states the punishment was imposed to control on the actions of slaves. Evidence of racial discrimination prevailed in the process of atonement as the white people committing same sort of acts was relieved by mere compensation whereas the law of capital punishment was enforced on the other civilians of the society. The age-old tradition of capital punishment continued to leave its impact in the present modern era. Boundary of capital punishment though reduced and imposed on serious crimes, new methods were invented to carry on with the execution. Guillotine, Gas chambers, el ectric chairs, lethal injections became popular as modes of homicides. The incidents of capital punish

Indian Consumer Buying Behaviour in the UK

Indian Consumer Buying Behaviour in the UK 1. Introduction This dissertation provide an overview of research topic on Indian consumer buying behavior in UK, first part outline aims and objective of the dissertation and followed by the motivation and study carried. Outline of structure of the dissertation and limitation are presented. 1.1 Aims and Objectives The aim of the dissertation is to understand and identify the social, cultural, buying behaviour characteristics of Indian community in UK. The research carried out primary and secondary research associated with Indian community and shows the linked between the ethnic consumer behaviour connections with market. What are the consumer buying behaviour characteristics of Indian Community in the UK†? Objective The objective of the dissertation is to focus and study on buying behavior of the Indian Community living in UK. To determine identify categories associated with Indian and their age characteristics. The article, literature, journal covers cultural, ethnical issues, historical issues of Indian identify integrating it with the personally studies. The method used on the basis of quantifiable observation for statistical analysis and philosophical interpretive research method to support Questionnaires are used to analyses the primary data. The findings reveal personal, ethnical, buying pattern and cultural characteristics relevant for identifying Indians consumer behavior. The conclusions are made for the implications of this identity need to be taken into account by the UK marketers or business market for new segment to target. 1.2 Motivations behind the Dissertation The Indians are part of a multicultural UK society, they make a significant cultural and consumer force Ref 35 (Fletcher, 2003). They are increasing in size, purchasing power and geographic concentration, giving â€Å"marketers a unique opportunity to modify their marketing strategies in the pursuit of increased market share and profitability† Ref 27 (Lindridge and Dibb, 2003). Due to increase in ethnic population and cultural diversity which represent many opportunity and threats to the markets hence marketer has to acknowledge the change in market by understanding the ethnic diversity Ref 35. Total in UK around 29% organization dont target ethnic market while 47% do target but were not effective in strategies due to lack of understanding and information about the Indian community in UK. Ref 27 (Lindridge and Dibb, 2003 cited: Fulford, 2001). Since UK represent multiethnic society, consisting of a diverse mix of culture and languages, there generates to understand the buying behaviors of all the elements which effects the business to fulfill marketing knowledge as the for the satisfaction of customer needs and wants Ref 28 (Chudry and Pallister, 2002)(Ref 25). This report will be focusing on the consumer buying behaviors characteristics of the Indians community in UK. 1.4 Limitations of the study The limitation of the study are that there has not been enough research done on the cultural characteristics of Indian Consumer Behaviour therefore there is no previous more studies carried out to judge the topic further. The Empirical Side of the Research has been hindered due to the fact that there is only one researcher, which made difficult to gather substantial studies and sample of Indian Community for quantitative research which have been omitted due to lack of manpower and time. 2. Literature Review Consumer Behaviour According to Philip Kotler consumer behavior as â€Å"the buying behavior of final consumer- individual and households who buys goods and services for personal consumption†, all to this it is directly related to market created by Consumer which varies in income, age, education level and taste across the world tremendously. They buy incredible variety of services and products which diverse consumer connection with each other with other element of the world (Ref 1). Today consumers have many choices to select a product as compared to ten or fifteen year before. Business growth depends on loyal customer or repeat purchase because they are satisfied with product variety/ services which they have received which bring consumer into the stores. Lot of marketing efforts is played to bring consumer to the stores, normally consumer assumes marketing as advertising and selling which is flow of goods from producers to customer. Marketing has great influence on fast moving consumer goods t hrough range of activities includes promotion, market research, advertising etc. Evaluation and monitoring of customer is also an important and one method of evaluation is by completing marketing research. Ref 7 (Woodruffe 1995 149, 163-4) According to Adrian Palmer Business Philosophy, marketing puts customers at the centre point of all the organizations which reflects the basic values to understand and response to customer necessity and needs to search constantly for new market opportunities. (Ref 22) There are three major components of marketing by Narver and Slater (1990) Customer Orientation, Competitor Orientation and Interfunctional Co-ordination. Customer Orientation understands its target buyers, Competitor Orientation focus on customer and its competitors police and strategy, while Interfunctional Co-ordination which futile marketing manager to develop the marketing plans to creating value, delivering promise made to customer and integrates its human and physical resources effectively and adapts them to meet customer needs. Marketing key concepts depends on customers, needs, value, exchange and market. Marketing Environment According Kotler â€Å"The actors and forces outside marketing that affect marketing ability to develop and maintain successful transaction with its target customer.† As per Environment markets depends to two major environment micro and macro environment but basically here we will be dealing with Macro Environment with explores border concepts of consumer behavior. Macro Environment consists of larges societal forces like demographic, cultural, economical, natural, political and technological. UK which is huge market with varied customers which are widely scattered hence we have to focus on specific Indian Consumer segment. According to Kotler Segment marketing is an â€Å"isolating broad segments that make up a market and adapting the marketing to match the needs of one or more segments†.(Ref 1,2). For marketer to target the entire consumer with same marketing style and approach doesnt satisfy to all customer where are many customer are dissatisfi ed or there need are fulfilled, hence here opportunity arise fro the company for specific segment. As per data and statistics Marketer has to go for niche marketing to target specific segment. According to Kotler Niche Marketing is Focusing or sub segment or niches with distinctive traits that may seek a special combination of benefits.(Ref 1,2). Hence in this project we will be focusing on Indian consumer with total UK consumer hence below gives the Geographical, Cultural, Political, Technological and Economical consumer patterns as compared to total UK Consumer. Geographically Indian Consumer In UK According to Kotler Demography or Geographical shows the study of human population in terms of size, density, location, age, gender, race occupation.(Ref1) Its very important because its gives marketers major interest it involve people, and people make up markets, as Indian Consumer geographical location is given below. Geographical Distribution of Minority Religions Mainly In London Percentage of each religion living in London, April 2001, GB Percentage of each religion living in London, April 2001, GB http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=956 (Ref 39) Families with dependent children: by ethnic group and family type, April 2001, UK Families with dependent http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=956 Total International Migration (TIM) to/from the UK 1991-2004 Total International Migration (TIM) to/from the UK 1991-2004 According to recent survey by Government in 2004, around 223,000 more people migrated to UK than migrated abroad, as its higher migration than estimat e before in 1991. Migration from New Commonwealth has increased by 45 percent between 2003 and 2004 within this group, net in migration from Asian was risen from 38,000 to 54000 in 2003, 2004 respectively. Ref 39 Net migration by country of last or next residence (1995-2004) Net migration by country of last or next residence (1995-2004) The demographic characterized of ethnic population in Britain is complex, As 97 percent of Britains non white population live in England, where most of the Indian lives in England and major cities of Scotland, approximately 53 percent of Indian lives in the south east and a further 30 percent in the midlands. Recently due to new Government laws implementation in Scotland the increase of Asian community are raising in great major cities like Edinburgh and Glasgow .Ref 39 Social, Cultural and Economic characteristics of the Ethnic population Culture can be defined as a â€Å"unique pattern of shared meanings that characterized a society and distinguish it from other societies. It is passed down from generation to generation and has been described as a societys ‘personality † Ref 21 (Wells and Prensky, 1996). Culture should be viewed as a â€Å"complex bundle of independent variables that can be attributed to behaviour† Ref 27. Culture plays an important part in the identification of an ethnic group, as ethnic groups are â€Å"those human groups that entertain a subjective belief in their common descent because similarities of physical type or of custom or both, or because of memories of colonization and immigration† Ref 27 i.e. culture. According to Kotler the cultural environment is made up of institution and other forces that affect the societys basic values, perceptions, preference and behavior. Every consumer grows in specific environment which gives some beliefs, values, inheritance, family structure, reference characteristics which reflects in him.(Ref 1) Culture is forever evolving â€Å"synthesizing old ideas with new ones† Ref 20 (Solomon, 2004). All cultures are different, but there are four dimensions that are in all cultures: 1. Power distance: how relationships form when difference in power is perceived. 2. Uncertainty: â€Å"the degree to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and have beliefs and institutions that help them to avoid this uncertainty† Ref20 3. Masculinity/femininity: how clear are the sex roles? 4. Individualism: cultures differ on how individualist (importance attached to personal goals) or collectivist (people lower their personal goals for the group) they may be Ref 20. 2.3.2.1 Components of Culture The components of culture are a useful tool for marketers as they can use appropriate marketing communications to associate the product with the consumers values. Values â€Å"Values are the underlying beliefs about the appropriate ways the members of a culture should act, think, and feel† Ref21, these values are: i. Somewhat stable; ii. Somewhat general iii. â€Å"Fairly widely accepted as a guide to culturally appropriate behaviour and therefore as a ‘standard of desirable and undesirable beliefs, attitudes and behaviour† (CIM, 1993).Ref 23 Norms and Customs Norms are the rules of values on how to behave or not behave; individuals may or may not accept these norms Ref 9 (Antonides and van Raaij, 1998). â€Å"Crescive† norms are norms that are rooted in a culture (Ref 20). â€Å"Crescive† norms can also be perceived as a custom, which are the â€Å"established patterns of behaviour adopted within the society or community. They regulate and regularize social practices and define which behaviours are acceptable† (Rice, 1997) Ref 16. Williams (1981) identified four forms of customs or what Le Vine (1997) calls ‘ostensible markers from the least to the most serious enforced:Ref 19,26 Myths Myths are tales that exemplify one or more of the shared values of a culture by describing a person, event, or idea that symbolizes values (Wells and Prensky, 1996) Ref 21. Myths serve four interconnected functions in a culture: Ref 19 1. Metaphysical: explains the origin of life 2. Cosmological: all the components of the universe is part of one picture 3. Sociological: the maintaining of social order through a social code 4. Psychological: the providing of models for personal behaviour Ref 20(Solomon, 2004) Rituals a. â€Å"A ritual is a set of interrelated patterns of behaviour that have a symbolic meaning† (Ref 21), ritualized behavior is formal and ceremonial such as marriage ceremonies and religious services (CIM, 1993). Ritualistic behaviour is an individual behavior that is made into a ritual such as shaving and getting up at a certain time in the morning Ref 19 (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2003). Sacred and Profane Consumption * Sacred consumption involves items and events that are not part of ordinary activities and are treated as such, example, religious ceremonies (Ref 20). * Profane Consumption involves ordinary, everyday items and events (Ref 20) * Sacred Events when consumers activities take on special status, it can be anything from public events, sports events or holidays, as they occupy sacred time and space for the consumer Ref 20 (Solomon, 2004). Material Artefacts Material artefacts are possessions that have a special significance to members of a culture. Artefacts obtain their special significance due to the role they play in myths, customs, and rituals. Artefacts can be everyday products that have symbolic meanings, which give them special status in culture, such as red roses for Valentines Day Ref 21. Indian have different rituals, customer,myths which relates each other, due to help of British Government Indian enjoy major big Indian Festival like Diwali, Dusshera etc in UK, as festival times seems to major shopping and expenditure time of Indian , majority of Indian community still does major investment, buying or moving on special festive period or religious occasion then usual day due to long traditional belief from ancient time. Gold purchasing and wearing is one of the passion in Indian customer , Women during festive period used to buy gold and diamonds which is one of the major segment for marketer to target the ethnic community during festive period. Language and Symbols Language makes the learning and sharing of culture possible (CIM, 1993), without a common language, a shared understanding would cease to exist, which will lead to the extinction of a culture Ref 19. Symbols are an important aspect of language; they can be verbal or non-verbal (CIM, 1993). Verbal symbols include television and magazine advertisement, whilst non-verbal symbols are s, shapes and colours Ref 19. Symbols can carry a number of different meanings and have different interpretations to many people; these interpretations can be unique to one culture. India have a diverse culture with more 24 different language, having Hindi has national language, majority of Indian in UK use Hindi or English as communication language in community. According to Journal of Consumer Behaviour, Britain ethnic minority population was around 5.5 percent with spending power of L 10 Bn in 1998 which has increased drastically, whereas the population of Indian are increasing faster than Caucasian which leads increase in buying power. Many companies has started targeting ethnic group eg. Jaguar started sponsorship events of Indian Bollywood Mega Mela in London of 3 days. Indian culture are great lovers of music and art from ancient times, ancient history have shown deep interest in this field which has contributed in formation of Bollywood industry, world largest film industry in the world, which influence billion of people in India through cultural aspects and Behaviour. Before Bollywood industry was popular only in east but now every year its increase 18 % market globally with 3.6 billion global audience which higher than Hollywood which has only 2.5 billion global audience, Indian community which migrated and living in UK cannot distract from viewing Bollywood movies and channels Which has created a huge market for Indian viewer of Asian channels and Bollywood movies in UK market. As per recent survey by BBC more than 70% of British Asian homes twice the national average the Telewest, sky or cable tv at home where viewing two third of Asian viewer are made of Asian interest channels featuring dramas, Bollywood music of back home and movies. Also s urveyed revealed that majority of ethnic population have their own mobile, DVD and internet at home. Majority Indian women back in India has highly soap addicts drama , survey carried out shown that 71% percent ethnic community made a point of watching soap as compared to 56% of white woman. Leader in broadcaster were Zee TV and Star which was just a new comer in UK around 4 year before but in his second year of launch he had 90,000 strong customer of ethnic community because Star TV is one of Indian Top Channel with 42 million subscribers which show cultural inheritance in UK which has high growth rate. Some of provider like Telewest understood the consumer Behaviour of ethnic community and launch Asian Channel Package which was cheaper than individual channel and wholesome package which attracted number of customer toward him. Ref 31, 32, 33 2.3.2.2 Subcultures For a marketer culture may come across as too broad a subject, as it embraces whole societies (CIM, 1993), therefore, to make life much easier a marketer could subdivide a culture into distinct subcultures. A subculture can then be defined as groups of people within a society that share common experiences and beliefs, which distinguishes them from other groups (Ref 20). An individual can belong to a number of subcultures and these subcultures can play a crucial role in defining the extended self (Ref 20) . Rice (1997) suggests that there are five prime subcultures: Geography; Religion; Age; Gender and Ethnicity.(Ref 16) Indian with has diverse culture with varied religion, India has many sub religion which makes sub culture or sub group like Sikh religion which has same characteristics and belief like Hindu, . While Indian Muslims used to differ in culture, tradition and belief which can be a new sub culture. As under studies and my knowledge India used to be male dominant society from long time, still majority of Indian women in India used to housewife and male used to earn but in recent 20 years women in India used to work and way ahead but still male dominant the heavy purchase like home, car, investment, buying while female dominant male in purchase of household, home maintenance, buying food etc which reflect same in UK. 2.3.2.3 Acculturation Acculturation is the â€Å"process of movement and adaptation to one countrys environment by a person from another country† (Ref 20); this process is the learning of the host countries language, myths, values, customs and rituals (Wells and Prensky, 1996) Ref 21. There is also the opposite affect of acculturation which is enculturation that is the â€Å"process of learning ones native cultural values† Ref 21. (Ref 9) Antonides and van Raaij (1998) call this the process of socialization with the culture being transferred from the older to the younger generation through family, religious groups, schools and other agents. Ref 9 Acculturation agents can align with the culture of origin or the culture of immigration in Fig. 1.3 shows how well an individual responds to the agents depends on their individual differences, these responses thus affect the acculturation process such as; movement which is the physical movement from one location to another; there is then the need for the translation of social rules in the host country; and this leads to the adaptation process by the consumer, on how much do they align with the host nation. The acculturation outcomes are either to assimilate with the host nation, by adopting their values; maintain practices from culture of origin; or just segregate completely from the host nation, by only buying goods from people from their culture. Many Indian migrated from India have cultural Behaviour of back country as well they kindly start adopting the British culture , hence year after year they have 20-30 percent of British culture which has replaced some of the Indian culture, Majority Indian in back country used to religious more but after migrating they become less religious , dont concern more than usual, also majority of Indian in back country use to Vegetarian and keep to avoid Liquor but after several years in UK they used to eat majority on Non Vegetarian food except religion prohibition of eating beef (Hindu and Sikh) and pork(Muslims) and start drinking more than usual, the back country they used to leave in joint family and have strong family structure , which has little bit change in coming year, the new generation British Indian or Indian leaving from long time use to leave separately than joint family , get separate from parents and leave independently but still have strong bondage with family which shows m ixed culture of Indian and British. According Sinha (1969) and Mandelbaum (1970) study indicated that the Indian families are of dominant concern for most Indians. Individuals within the family are instilled with collectivist cultural values of duty, interdependence, obedience, reliability and sacrifice for the group (Triandis, 1989; Triandis et al., 1993). In contrast, individualistic cultures encourage detachment from the family unit and greater individuality (Halman, 1996). It is British Indians relationship with their family that may be a major cultural determinant upon their buyer behavior. The family units influence, within the collectivist-individualistic context noted earlier, therefore, will be assessed through three buyer behavior areas: use of possessions to enhance social status, materialism and reference group use. Family structure and Reference Group According to Journal of Consumer Behaviour , Ethnic Indian Community have family dominant concern for most Indian, individuals within the family has distinct collectivist value of culture, duty, obedience, interdependence, sacrifice and reliability where in contrast Britishs Causcaucian are detached and great individuality. This relationship bondage within the family structure has major cultural determinant upon their buying Behaviour. As per Journal Indian Immigrant are more concerned with possessions than people, inferring and have a materialistic Behaviour which is other way on British Community. Ref 30 A reference group is â€Å"any person or group that serves as a point of comparison for an individual in forming either general or specific values, attitudes, or a specific guide for behavior† (Ref 19), these groups can be real or imagined (Ref 20). Reference groups can be influential as they can be â€Å"informative, utilitarian, and value-expressive† (Ref 20). Normative reference groups influence general values or behavior, whereas comparative reference groups are benchmarks for specific attitudes or behavior (Ref 19). Factors that affect reference groups influence on consumers may include: * Information and experience: an individual who has knowledge of a product/service is less likely to be influence by a group * Credibility, attractiveness, and power of the reference group: these groups can induce consumer attitude and behavior change, as they are seen as trustworthy and knowledgeable * Conspicuousness of the product: reference groups influence varies according to whether the product visually conspicuous (one that stands out) or verbally conspicuous (a product can be easily described) (Ref 19) There are several types of reference groups that can be defined as either ‘aspirational (successful business people sportsmen or celebrities) or ‘membership (groups that an individual can identify with) groups (Solomon, 2004)Ref 20. Some of these reference groups are: * Friendship groups: they are informal groups and are the most influential group when it comes to the purchase decision * Shopping groups: they are made-up of family or friends, this function can be referred to as purchase pals * Work groups: because of the amount of time people spend at work, the work group can be a major influence (Ref 19) According to Green the family structure favored by Indian community which have traditional family structure and contrary to it, as the new generation has different attitudes towards family structure across the generation in Indian families. The family structure favored by Indian groups varies enormously It is clearly important for marketers to be aware of these divergent trends since they will have important implications for advertising and promotional activities directed towards the various ethnic groups (Green, 1999). According to Journal of Consumer Behaviour, due to collectivist culture of Indian which are affected by external perceptions, then reference group selection may be determined by the need of gain recognition of the familys reputation, majority British Indian seek recognition from these reference group, secondly work colleagues and friends have greater collectivist power of culture. Ref 30 Age profile of minority groups According to Journal Dawn Burton (Ref 24) Age profile plays an important role in minority group, one of the most significant features of the Indian population is its younger age as compared to white indigenous population. According to data 1990, 48 percent of the ethnic minority population was under 24 years of age in 1999 compared with 31 percent of the white population. Indian group had 41 percent of individual in this age group, As a study in US marketer have recognized that younger age profile of minority group is having an important impact on consumer behaviors . T he studied show that Indian Minorities community have higher percentage of card ownership, ATM usages, use cards for withdraw cash and more likely purchase goods and service with cards than the white population Ref 26(Texas Banking, 1999) hence Indian community has similar culture expectation like in Britain . Ref 24,26. Economic and Social Characteristics Economic Environment consists of factors which affects the consumer purchasing power and spending patterns, According to Adrian Palmer for â€Å"marketer its hard to appreciate fully the cultural values of a society, attitudes to specific product changes through time and at any one time between different groups†. â€Å"Like in Home market specially UK, company should understand the processes of gradual changes and be prepared to satisfy the changing needs of consumer† (Ref 22). As a new challenges for marketing are posed by the diverse cultural tradition of ethnic minorities. According to Journal Dawn Burton issues can be addressed our social and economic factor, the issues holds religion, household income and family structure. Before targeting a specific segment its important level of income and expenditure, the superiority of Indian groups over the white category is party accounted for the higher proportion of pensioner households in the white indigenous population.(R ef 24) The PSI survey is useful in this respect since it categorizes the proportion of members of different ethnic groups in various income brackets. The ethnic Indian and White Population were on a par but there are significant proportions of high earners in the Indian, Indian population in UK are at high earning capacity with high saving as compared to White or any other community Ref 32. They have strong purchasing power. According recent publication in newspaper, out of 10 richest people of UK five are from Indian origin, hence from this statistics one can imagine how far Indian are economical strong in UK, world 3 richest and UK Top richest person Mr. Laksmi Mittal belong to India, majority of Indian living in UK are economical sound and having high saving then the normal British consumer, due to which they have strong buying power Ref 35, Ref 40 According to International Journal of Entrepreneurship, majority of Indian community in UK runs small scale business, in transition which are lining into owing large scale, profitable, enterprise has not the attracted investment but attention of media and research , nearly of half of independent shops in Britain in 1990 were own by Ethnic Asian entrepreneur which have high scale of Indian, in which have around 300 millionaire 1990 which have increased to 500 or more today, whereas they are 2 percent of working age population in Britain , contributing towards wealth creating by employment which is greater in size. According to Modood in 1997 the average weekly earning of Indian exceeds those of White population In Britain. Ref 30,33 As Success of the Asian Business in Britain likes in their cultural characteristics which have high encourage thrift, hard and reliance on family lab our. There are major cultural facts like mechanisms of self help, family controlled business, informal source, local ethnic community market which builds the business to new ladder. A enterprenuser who makes productive use of the community like cheap family labor, finance within community, cultural values, niche marketing to satisfy the demands of their own community for ethnic product which have huge population to fulfill. Ref 30 Ethnic business has asserted the success due to sense of developing from small to large scale business, due to ability of branch out from ethnic enclave economy. According social aspect, Indian community have strong social education belief, around 60 percent have done bachelors degree or higher qualification which impact on growth in business and employment.Ref 30,33 Technological According Kotler Technological environment is a Force that create new technologies, creating new product and market opportunities. Today every second or day a new technology hits the market which Technological point of Indian Consumer In UK have hardly any in-depth studies, but Study by PSI (see Table IV).showed the individual about their ownership of a range of consumer durables, as compared to white population. In comparison Indian community has higher ownerships of some items like micro-ovens, video recorder, computer, washing machine etc than other community hence the market looks immense for specific Indian Segment. Indian community have higher eagerness toward technology aspects specially for household purchase , also one of the studies said that Car market has began specific target towards Indian consumer due to there high tech power consumer attitude and affording capacity. In UK, most of Indian community gives first preference to buy Mercedes rather than any other car due to its royal status, which similar concept previous back in India. As India is becoming a global hub for IT, greater increase in Internet User and IT becoming a way to cheaper communication to India most of the Indian prefer to buy computer or high tech things to get connected. According to The Guardian majority of Indian were more likely to have own mobiles phone, dvd, household durables, internet at home than white population in UK. Ref 32,33 Lifestyle Lifestyle segments are measured through the use of A.I.O. (Activities, Interests, and Opinions) rating statements. It measures peoples activities in terms of how they live their lives; their interests on what is important to the consumer; their opinions on themselves and social/cultural issues; as well as demographic descriptors such as age, education, income, etc. Ref 36 (Plummer, 1974) Ref 11 (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Table 1.1 lists elements,