Objectives of an organizations public relations department Essay

Objectives of an organizations public relations department - Essay Example The first recognized and agreed upon definition of public relations was given by Edward Bernays who said that public relations was a management function that studies and records public attributes, lays down policies, strategies and procedures with a view to the aspirations of the organization, which is implemented by the setting into motion a sequence of actions capable of achieving a positive public perception and acceptance. One of the major tasks of any public relations wings of modern organizations is to maintain up-to-date information on the public opinion. This is usually achieved by the public relations wing by way of surveys and opinion polls that obtain responses in the form of various questions that aim at understanding the public perception towards a particular entity of interest to the company. In the modern age, such information is often conducted on a global scale and the information is routed and collected using various technologies of the day such as through the Inter net and through satellite means (Paul Baines, John Egan, 2004). In fact, the Internet has evolved as the single largest medium for understanding public perception by most public relations establishments. In addition to the simplicity involved in conducting online polls, the speed and efficiency with which the obtained information can be processed and viewed for required results has resulted in a rapid rise in the use of cyberspace for most public relations initiatives. Apart from these two approaches, public relations also cover the aspect of popularizing any product or service of the organization by introducing them and their inherent capabilities and functionalities to the customer. This is done by using phone based campaigns, advertising and online promotion. The public relations society of America had the following to comment on the utilities of public relations (Jane Johnston, Clara Zawawi, 2004): "Examples of the knowledge that may be required in the professional practice of public relations include communication arts, psychology, social psychology, sociology, political science, economics, and the principles of management and ethics. Technical knowledge and skills are required for opinion research, public issues analysis, media relations, direct mail, institutional advertising, publications, film/video productions, special events, speeches, and presentations." Thus, from the above definition, it can be well understood that operating under public relations requires the individual to possess certain skills that cover many domains from management to technical knowledge to psychology. Public relations are so vital to the prospects o a company and its vision, more so for the ones that are constantly under the public eye, so much so that any company would have a certain

Risk and Return Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk and Return Relationship - Essay Example The essay "Risk and Return Relationship" talks about the characteristics that can influence risk as the probability of losing anything of value or uncertainty of a result. This paper also analyzes the risk and return relationship which is fundamental to the potential investment decisions. The risk is an outcome of those actions which are taken regardless of uncertainty. The characteristics that can control or influence risks are as follows: Using debt: Using debt in the business increases the chances of risk bear by shareholders, but it also results in the higher rate of returns. Optimal capital structure: Making use of optimal or most favorable capital structure balances the pressure or influence of risk and maximizes the stock price of the company. Aggressive management: Risk can be influenced by the aggressive management. The aggressive managers of the firm are more prone to utilize debt in order to increase profit. The relationship between risk and return is fundamental to the investment decisions, whether assessing a sole investment or selecting between different investments. Potential investors evaluate the relationship between risk and return when they have to make a decision regarding investment in securities like bonds or shares. It has been discovered that there is a positive connection between the risk and return. The securities which are riskier provide a greater return. However, Bowman found that there is a distinct and significant negative relationship between risk and return.

Modern Jewish History Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Modern Jewish History - Case Study Example This led to changing attitudes among Rabbis, as the faith began to become less strict. While it could be argued that this modernization became necessary in order for the faith to survive, it can also be argued that it takes away from the Jewish experience as a whole. The modernization of Jews in the Ottoman and Northern Africa differed greatly from the modernization of Jews in Europe because they were surrounded by different cultural elements in each place. The leaders of the European Jews viewed modernization as a destructive force that had the potential to ruin Judaism as a whole. Modernism was compared to a whirlwind by these leaders, which would become a destructive force against tradition and, therefore, the religion as a whole. What occurred because of these new modern ideas was a split between Jews in Europe. Traditionalists believed that everything new was forbidden by the Torah and this caused for those who wished to change the structure of Judaism to leave the religion and form their new branches. All of this was based on fear for the Rabbis of Europe and this fear overtook the religion and caused it to split. By not allowing for changes to be made in order to accommodate the new modern world, Rabbis created even more problems for European Jews. One such change that occurred involved how Jews were to dress. The modern world was creating new fashions and many Jewish people wished to change how they dress. The Rabbis believed, however, that this would make them indistinguishable from the Gentiles, which is going against the Torah because it is a form of shame. Many of these Jews also wished to take part in activities outside of their religious circles, such as become involved in politics or discussion groups. All in all, the leadership of the European Jews was responsible for the opposition to modernization and, therefore, responsible for dissecting the religion because of this. In Arab countries, Rabbis took a slightly different approach to modernization. While they did believe that modernization could cause some major problems for the faith, they also believed that many of the forces of modernization could be used to their advantage. They did not come out against modernization, but rather worked with in it order to ensure that Judaism would survive in the region, which included a rejection of many European ideologies, as they asked the question: " what in the culture of European peoples is superior to Arab culture, by which Iraqi Jews have been influences, that would make it appear preferable to them'".1 This led to a much less chaotic atmosphere in religious circles, as the people did not feel like they had to go against their religion in order to fit in with the rest of the modern world. The religious aspects of Judaism became less strict over this time as well. While the religious leaders were not happy with this fact, they also realized that they had to adapt to the times in order to help people to keep the faith. This is why they did not overreact when young Jewish men began trimming and later shaving their beards. While this was not allowed by Jewish tradition, the Rabbis realized that they could not stop modernization and, therefore, they moved away from some of the traditions, while keeping others alive. Because the modernization in the Arab world took place much later than in Europe, the Rabbis were able to learn from the mistakes of Europe, in order to ensure t

Waste Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Waste Management - Essay Example The 311 system is implemented for the solid waste management. All the residents and organizations in Houston are encouraged to call 3-1-1 for monitoring and maintaining the schedule of garbage collection. If there is a complaint that some household is missed for the garbage collection, it is kept under â€Å"monitor status†. Regular logs are maintained on weekly/monthly basis. If repeated complaint is received from particular are/house/organization, the problem is identified and rectified. Continuous monitoring has helped to improve the waste management and recycling. There are enforcements and penalties for the folly of littering and improper waste disposal under the codes. Chapter 39 of the codes discusses the regulations for solid waste and litter control. It also elaborates on the conducts of the citizens, duties of the Waste Management organizations and penalties. Article III has established the formation of Houston Clean City Commission which controls the acceptable leve l and concentration of litter in the city. The duties of the employees of the department are assigned under section 39-18. Penalties and enforcements are implemented under section 39-4 to prohibit unlawful waste disposal and littering. Organizations like â€Å"Waste Management Inc† and â€Å"Keep Houston Beautiful† are the one’s which are helping for the reduction of litter, beautification of the city and educating on recycling. The organization is running programs for schools, companies and other commercials to learn about recycling. ... schedule of garbage collection. If there is a complaint that some household is missed for the garbage collection, it is kept under "monitor status". Regular logs are maintained on weekly/monthly basis. If repeated complaint is received from particular are/house/organization, the problem is identified and rectified. Continuous monitoring has helped to improve the waste management and recycling. ("Solid Waste Management", n.d.) There are enforcements and penalties for the folly of littering and improper waste disposal under the codes. Chapter 39 of the codes discusses the regulations for solid waste and litter control. It also elaborates on the conducts of the citizens, duties of the Waste Management organizations and penalties. Article III has established the formation of Houston Clean City Commission which controls the acceptable level and concentration of litter in the city. The duties of the employees of the department are assigned under section 39-18. Penalties and enforcements are implemented under section 39-4 to prohibit unlawful waste disposal and littering. Organizations like "Waste Management Inc" and "Keep Houston Beautiful" are the one's which are helping for the reduction of litter, beautification of the city and educating on recycling. The organization is running programs for schools, companies and other commercials to learn about recycling. Thrown waste gets developed into new object/commodity through the recycling process. Recycling includes the collection of waste, its reprocessing, creating new object and puts it into use again. Reuse of old plastic objects/bottles for producing new plastic containers or use of waste plastics for pillow stuffing

Barfing as Identity Development and Expression in Myles Everyday Barf Essay

Barfing as Identity Development and Expression in Myles Everyday Barf - Essay Example These reasons seem to be mundane, but in reality, they say something about the real feelings and ideas of those who barf, who will be called barfers in this essay. Nothing is random in Myles’ prose poem because events, actions, and characters are all interconnected. Myles provides different events and conditions that make her and other people barf, thereby showing that barfing is both an individual and collective process. Myles argues that to puke is a metaphor of developing and expressing one’s true identity because it is a process of spilling what is inside, so that the barfers can understand who they are and for others to recognize and to accept their identities too. Myles’ troubled relationship with her mother is the center of her barfing because as her mother, she affects her fundamental process of becoming. Myles admits the complex relationship she has with the woman who gave birth to her. On the one hand, she wants to be near her mother again, as she tries to convince her to â€Å"come back† and live with her at â€Å"P-town† (Myles 75). This paper believes that she might be craving for comfort from the original woman of her life because of her failed relationships in the past. On the other hand, Myles show hesitation. She thinks that â€Å"maybe [she] didn’t really want that† (Myles 75) and her mother may not have wanted it either. Still, the feeling that she â€Å"failed† affects her (Myles 75). ... No place† (Myles 75). Myles wants her mother to come along, but she realizes that it might not be good. It might not be good for her to be close to her real identity- a woman and a lesbian. She might be disgusted and that the revelation will harm their relationship further. She is conscious, nonetheless, that her identity cannot be suppressed. Identity smells like puke. If people do not want to see it, they can smell it. They â€Å"could smell the stuff,† the real stuff inside others (Myles 76). Despite the restless emotions, Myles understands that her mother has not completely destroyed her, although the latter continues to affect how she sees herself as a person. Living with her mother has turned her into a puke hater: â€Å"[she hates] puking† (Myles 75). She must have wanted to puke because she has a hard time being who she is with her mother. Myles cannot directly express her identity to her mother, so puking is her release. It is her way of expressing her â €Å"being.† But she cannot puke with her mother around. She cannot â€Å"become† without feeling the judgment of others. Her mother does not fully accept her lesbian identity yet. The â€Å"tipping† of the boat relates to the tip of the iceberg. The iceberg is an individual’s entire identity, where the submerged part is the subconscious. It is also often what is hidden from others. Myles has a hard time being herself because she thinks of what her mother will think about her. But she wants to tip it, to rock the boat and barf. Tipping is the word she likes for it represents a catalyst for revelations, the un-hiding of the hidden self. Myles knows that her mother cannot accept a boat of puking adults, or adults who are openly gay or bisexual. Her mother will leave- as she had

Challenges faced by financial asset pricing models Essay

Challenges faced by financial asset pricing models - Essay Example Even then these models would serve as a better guide to the market than the lessons taught by a financial ruin. That is a strong reason for understanding the challenges faced by the financial asset pricing models, so that these models can be used with discretion to understand the market better. Seen from that angle understanding the correlation between risk and returns, by using a tool, in this case the financial asset pricing models is vital. Any pricing errors would affect the valuation models, jeopardize value judgments and therefore give rise to incorrect risk assessment. The challenges faced by the asset pricing models are on the rise due to the intermingling of economies due to globalization. Along with the increase in challenges the number of critics also increases. These pressures and requirements in turn give rise to new models of financial asset pricing. However the scope of this essay is limited to the empirical challenges faced by financial asset pricing models. To make a base for this study I start with comparing and contrasting different financial disasters that made headlines in the past with the more recent ones. In the past all the noted failures were either due to lack of analytical capacity, absence of systems, error in using models or failure to appreciate risks. The inadequate appreciation of yield curves resulted in S&L bailout. Askin Capital management fiasco was as a result of inadequate analytics and Kidder Peaboy tragedy occurred due to the imperfect management risks. In contrast to this is the more recent failures where even the financial entities known for their efficiencies were dragged to take knee jerk reactions to address huge market dislocations like Russia's default and a collapse in liquidity. The problem solving capacity of an investor has increased manifold through the years. Powerful machines today help investors solve problems, which were considered beyond scope, just a few years ago. The right kind of codes put together (software) by a programmer can have a path breaking consequence on the computational capability of an investor. Side by side with this technological breakthrough, there is also a reduction in cost of computation and emergence of better financial theories. Today's investors are much more aware of the market conditions and have a greater capacity to analyze and take logical decisions about investments due to the availability of different computation methods and real time accessibility to information. But paradoxically usage of these refined method for investment have made the markets more risk prone due to the intermingling of the market in a globalized economy. A direct consequence of this is the rise of common risks. Traditionally investors used to div ersify their portfolio in an attempt to beat an existing market risk and they were successful in this due to the difference in risk associated with different securities. But now with the increase in awareness about the different tools with which they can make decisions there is a commonality of reaction to a crisis resulting in potential catastrophes. At the time of a crisis the investors try and reduce risk by selling their illiquid positions. But since by now the demand for it would go down due o the similar stance all over by the investors, they try to sell their liquid positions no matter which market they are in. Due to this massive movement the market gets

Mahons Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mahons Poetry - Essay Example In this paper, I will explore how Mahon breathes life into these ordinary, everyday objects. I will look at how Mahon goes beyond merely giving them human characteristics (for example appealing to our visual sense and making something 'look' human); it is important to also show how Mahon makes us believe that they have feelings, and can experience different sounds and form judgments, just like we can. 'Table Talk' is fascinating because it speaks of a piece of furniture with a past: "When I was pine and lived in a cold climate." This table in question is not the focus of Mahon's attention because it looks or sounds in someway human; it has a history, like people. The table can remember when it was a tree, and the "chain-saw surgery" it endured in order to transform into furniture. It longs to "dance" again, no doubt in the breeze of its natural environment. In a more basic attempt to personify the table then, Mahon appeals to our senses (visual and auditory, as well as kinesthesia- the feeling of action).1 He speaks of the table wanting to "dance, / to scare your pants off." When we think of something with human qualities, we think of something that looks and acts in ways that are fundamentally human (like speaking, eating and in this case, dancing). Many poets will say, such as Wordsworth, that daffodils dance in the wind, or that the whining of an old door could be described as an old woman screeching. Rarely though does personification go beyond this. Mahon on the other hand appeals to our ability to think, feel, remember and experience situations. We relate to the pain that the writing table has suffered and the ideas that it has. 'Morning Radio' is different to 'Table Talk' in the way that the inanimate object in question is not suffering in the way that the writing table is, the radio is displaying more simple human traits, as we discussed before. The radio has a "fretwork throat," and through this he 'speaks' to those who will listen. The Radio is used by Mahon as medium for emitting beautiful music: "Woodwinds entering/ delicately," and reading the daily news. Arguably this poem is a 'simpler' example of Mahon's personification skills, the 'he's' in the poem could be a reference to the radio, and the fact that "he speaks" gives it a human quality.I think that it is possible to view 'Morning Radio' as a simpler version of 'Table Talk,' but I think that there is a lot more to 'Morning Radio' than that. If we look at what Mahon talks about in this poem, the seven o'clock news, "that the world is coming to an end," and a "new day" beginning, we can begin to see a pattern. Mahon's Radio talks about the changin g and new world (the news, sorrow and new beginnings); he is referring to different aspects of human life. So why does he do this I think that Mahon does this not just to create 'he'- the Radio, but rather he uses the Radio to make us question our lives. By mentioning the news and beautiful music, he is using the Radio to provoke a reaction out of us. The fact that he says "WE" in upper case, I believe is another tool that Mahon uses to make us see the Radio as a 'person' who speaks to us. In addition to this though the "WE" is inclusive and is addressed to us the reader.Looking at the two poems then, what can we say about the effectiveness